Popular Conspiracy Theories About Lincolns Assassination

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is one of the most famous Presidents of the United States. Volumes are devoted to his life and death. However, historians have yet to unravel the mysteries surrounding his assassination. The Assassination Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln attended the play, Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre on April 14, 1865. They were to be accompanied by General Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia Dent Grant. However, Grant and his wife changed their plans and did not attend the play. The Lincolns attended the play with Clara Harris and Henry Rathbone. During the play, actor John Wilkes Booth entered Lincolns State Box undetected and shot him in the back of the head. He also stabbed Henry Rathbone in the arm. After shooting the President, Booth jumped out of the box onto the stage, broke his left leg and yelled something that some eyewitnesses reported as, Sic Semper Tyrannus (As always to tyrants). Failed Assassinations by Co-conspirators Co-conspirator Lewis Powell (or Paine/Payne) attempted to assassinate Secretary of State William Seward, but only managed to injure him. David Herold accompanied Powell. However, Herold fled before the deed was finished. At the same time, George Atzerodt was supposed to have killed Vice-President, Andrew Johnson. Atzerodt did not go through with the assassination. Booth and Herold escaped the Capital and traveled to Mary Surratts Tavern in Maryland where they picked up supplies. They then traveled to Dr. Samuel Mudds house where Booths leg was set. Lincolns Death Lincoln was taken to the Petersen House across the street from Fords Theater where he eventually died at 7:22 A.M. April 15, 1865. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton stayed with the Lincolns at the Petersen House and coordinated the efforts to capture the conspirators. Sentences of Deaths of the Conspirators On April 26, Herold and Booth were found hiding in a barn near Port Royal, Virginia. Herold surrendered but Booth refused to come out of the barn so it was set on fire. In the ensuing chaos, a soldier shot and killed Booth. Eight Lincoln conspirators were caught over the next few days and tried by a military court. They were found guilty on June 30 and given various sentences depending upon their involvement. Lewis Powell (Paine), David Herold, George Atzerodt and Mary Surratt were charged with conspiring with Booth along with various other crimes and hanged on July 7, 1865. Dr. Samuel Mudd was charged with conspiring with Booth and sentenced to life in prison. Andrew Johnson eventually pardoned him early in 1869. Samuel Arnold and Michael OLaughlen had conspired with Booth to kidnap President Lincoln and were found guilty and sentenced to life. OLaughlen died in prison but Arnold was pardoned by Johnson in 1869. Edman Spangler was found guilty of helping Booth escape from Fords Theater. He was also pardoned by Johnson in 1869. Pre-Assassination Abduction Was assassination the first goal? The general consensus today is that the first goal of the conspirators had been to kidnap the President. A few attempts to kidnap Lincoln fell through, and then the Confederacy surrendered to the North. Booths thoughts turned to killing the President. Up until recent times, however, there was a great deal of speculation as to the existence of an abduction plot. Some people felt it might be used to exonerate the hanged conspirators. Even the judge advocates feared talk of an abduction plot might lead to an innocent verdict for some if not all of the conspirators. They are believed to have suppressed important evidence such as John Wilkes Booths diary. (Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies, 107) On the other side, some people argued for the existence of a kidnapping plot because it bolstered their desire to connect Booth with a larger conspiracy masterminded by the Confederacy. With the abduction plot established, the question remains: Who was act ually behind and involved in the assassination of the President? The Simple Conspiracy Theory The simple conspiracy in its most basic form states that Booth and a small group of friends at first planned to kidnap the president. This eventually resulted in the assassination. In fact, the conspirators were to also assassinate Vice-President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward at the same time dealing a major blow to the government of the United States. Their goal was to give the South a chance to rise again. Booth saw himself as a hero. In his diary, John Wilkes Booth claimed that Abraham Lincoln was a tyrant and that Booth should be praised just as Brutus was for killing Julius Caesar. (Hanchett, 246) When Abraham Lincoln Secretaries Nicolay and Hay wrote their ten-volume biography of Lincoln in 1890 they presented the assassination as a simple conspiracy. (Hanchett, 102) The Grand Conspiracy Theory Even though personal Secretaries of Lincoln presented the simple conspiracy as the most likely scenario, they acknowledged that Booth and his co-conspirators had suspicious contacts with Confederate leaders. (Hanchett, 102). The Grand Conspiracy theory focuses on these connections between Booth and Confederate leaders in the south. Many variations exist of this theory. For example, it has been said that Booth had contact with Confederate leaders in Canada. It is worth noting that in April 1865 President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation offering a reward for the arrest of Jefferson Davis in connection with the Lincoln assassination. He was arrested because of the evidence by an individual named Conover who was later found to have given false testimony. The Republican Party also allowed the idea of the Grand Conspiracy to fall by the wayside because Lincoln had to be a martyr, and they did not want his reputation sullied with the idea that anyone would want him killed but a madman. Eisenschmils Grand Conspiracy Theory This conspiracy theory was a fresh look at the Lincoln assassination as investigated by Otto Eisenschiml and reported in his book Why Was Lincoln Murdered? It implicated the divisive figure Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Eisenschiml purported that the traditional explanation of Lincolns assassination was unsatisfactory. (Hanchett, 157). This shaky theory is based on the supposition that General Grant would not have changed his plans to accompany the President to the theater on April 14th without an order. Eisenschiml reasoned that Stanton must have been involved in Grants decision because he is the only person other than Lincoln from whom Grant would have taken orders. Eisenschiml goes on to offer ulterior motives for many of the actions Stanton took immediately after the assassination. He supposedly left one escape route out of Washington, the one Booth just happened to take. The presidential guard, John F. Parker, was never punished for leaving his post. Eisenschiml also states th at the conspirators were hooded, killed and/or shipped off to a remote prison so they could never implicate anyone else. However, this is exactly the point where Eisenschimls theory collapses as do most other grand conspiracy theories. Several of the conspirators had ample time and opportunity to speak and implicate Stanton and numerous others if a grand conspiracy truly existed. (Hanchett, 180) They were questioned many times during captivity and, in fact, were not hooded through the entire trial. In addition, after being pardoned and released from prison, Spangler, Mudd, and Arnold never implicated anyone. One would think that men who reportedly hated the Union would relish the thought of toppling the leadership of the United States by implicating Stanton, one of the men instrumental in the Souths destruction. Lesser Conspiracies Numerous other Lincoln assassination conspiracy theories exist. Two of the most interesting, albeit incredible, involve Andrew Johnson and the papacy. Members of Congress tried to implicate Andrew Johnson in the assassination. They even called a special committee to investigate in 1867. The committee could not find any links between Johnson and the killing. It is interesting to note that Congress impeached Johnson that same year. The second theory as proposed by Emmett McLoughlin and others is that the Roman Catholic Church had reason to hate Abraham Lincoln. This is based on Lincolns legal defense of a former Priest against the Bishop of Chicago. This theory is further enhanced by the fact that the Catholic John H. Surratt, the son of Mary Surratt, fled America and ended up in the Vatican. However, the evidence connecting Pope Pius IX with the assassination is dubious at best. Conclusion The assassination of Abraham Lincoln has gone through many revisions during the past 153 years. Immediately following the tragedy, the Grand Conspiracy involving the Confederate leaders was the most widely accepted. Around the turn of the century, the Simple Conspiracy theory had gained a position of prominence. In the 1930s, Eisenschimls Grand Conspiracy theory arose with the publication of Why Was Lincoln Murdered? In addition, the years have been sprinkled with other outlandish conspiracies to explain the assassination. As time has passed, one thing is true, Lincoln has become and will remain an American icon lauded with an impressive strength of will and given credit for saving our nation from division and moral oblivion. Source Hanchett, William. The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983.

A Definition of the Literary Term, Cacophony

Similar to its counterpart in music, a cacophony in literature is a combination of words or phrases that sound harsh, jarring, and generally unpleasant. Pronounced Kuh-koff-uh-nee, the noun cacophony and its adjective form cacophonous, refer to the â€Å"musicality† of writing—how it sounds to the reader when spoken aloud.     Ã‚   Coming from a Greek word literally meaning â€Å"bad sound,† cacophony as used in both prose and poetry typically  produces its desired unharmonious effect through the repeated use of â€Å"explosive† consonants, like T, P, or K. The word cacophony itself is cacophonous because of its repetition of the â€Å"K† sound. On the other hand, some words like â€Å"screeching,† â€Å"scratching,† or â€Å"oozing† are cacophonies simply because they are unpleasant to hear. The opposite of cacophony is â€Å"euphony,† a mixture of words that sound pleasant or melodious to the reader. A common misconception is that any tongue-twister, like â€Å"She sells seashells by the seashore† is an example of cacophony. While cacophonous phrases can be tricky to pronounce, not every tongue-twister is a cacophony. For example, â€Å"She sells seashells by the seashore† is actually an example of sibilance—the repeated use of soft consonants to produce hissing sounds—and is thus more euphony than cacophony. Explosive Consonants: A Key to Cacophony In many cases, â€Å"explosive† consonants are the key ingredient of cacophony. Explosive or â€Å"stop† consonants are those after which all sound abruptly stops, producing tiny verbal explosions or â€Å"pops† when spoken aloud. The consonants B, D, K, P, T, and G are the consonants most commonly used in creating a cacophony. For example, imagine writing about a metal pot falling down a stairway. The pot would ping, ting, bong, dong, clang, and bang before going whack against your head. Other explosive consonants  or stop sounds include C, CH, Q, and X. Individual words, sentences, paragraphs, or entire poems are considered cacophonous when they contain explosive consonants occurring in relatively close succession. For example, in his classic poem â€Å"The Raven,† Edgar Allan Poe uses the â€Å"G† sound in a cacophony when he writes, â€Å"What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore.†Or in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth,† the three witches’ chant of â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble,† repeats the â€Å"D† and â€Å"T† sounds to create a cacophony. However, this does not mean that every consonant must be explosive or that explosive sounds must come in rapid succession. Indeed, most cacophonies use other, non-explosive consonant sounds to add to the passage’s expression of uncomfortable discord. In contrast, euphony—the opposite of cacophony—uses soft consonant sounds, like â€Å"floral† or â€Å"euphoria,† or â€Å"cellar door,† which linguists consider the most pleasing combination of two words in the English language. Why Authors Use Cacophony In both prose and poetry, authors use cacophony to help bring life to their writing by making the sound of their words reflect or even mimic the subject, mood, or setting they are writing about. For example, cacophony might be used in writing about: The tolling of distant bells.The noise of a busy city street or classroom full of unruly children.The chaotic violence of a battleground.Dark emotions like guilt, regret, or sorrow.A world filled with fantasy and mysterious settings. By using cacophony and euphony—alone or together—authors can add tone and feeling to their writing in much the same way graphic artists use clashing and complementary colors to bring depth and emotion to their paintings.   Cacophony in Lewis Carroll’sâ€Å"Jabberwocky† In his 1871 novel, â€Å"Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There,† Lewis Carroll created perhaps the best-known example of cacophony by the inclusion of the classic poem, â€Å"Jabberwocky.† The poem, which at once fascinated and confounded the novel’s main character Alice, uses cacophony in the form of invented, unmelodious words spiked with the explosive constants T, B, K to paint  a picture of life in a fantastical world terrorized by a gang of menacing monsters. (Listen to Benedict Cumberbatch read the poem in this video.) Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:All mimsy were the borogoves,And the momeraths outgrabe.Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!Beware the Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch! Carroll’s cacophony of confusion clearly worked on the novel’s main character Alice, who after reading the poem, exclaimed: â€Å"Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas—only I don’t exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that’s clear, at any rate.† Contrast Carrolls use of cacophony in â€Å"Jabberwocky† with the pleasurable euphony used by John Keats in his pastoral ode, â€Å"To Autumn.† Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;Conspiring with him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run. Cacophony in Kurt Vonnegut’s â€Å"Cat’s Cradle† In his 1963 novel â€Å"Cat’s Cradle,† Kurt Vonnegut creates the fictional Caribbean island of San Lorenzo, the natives of which speak a vaguely recognizable dialect of English. The San Lorenzan dialect is dominated by the explosive consonant sounds of TSVs, Ks, and hard Ps and Bs.   At one point, Vonnegut translates the well-known nursery rhyme â€Å"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star† (albeit the version used in Alice in Wonderland) into Lorenzan: Tsvent-kiul, tsvent-kiul, lett-pool store,(Twinkle, twinkle, little star,)  Kojytsvantoor bat voo yore.(How I wonder what you are,)        Ã‚  Ã‚     Put-shinik on lo sheezobrath,(Shining in the sky so bright,)Kam oon teetron on lo nath,(Like a tea tray in the night,) Throughout the novel, Vonnegut  uses cacophony comically to illustrate the absurdities of subjects like science, technology, religion, and the arms race by creating characters like Zinka and Bokonon and invented words like sinookas and wampeters, which are decidedly cacophonic due to their use of explosive consonants. Cacophony in Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"Gullivers Travels† In his satirical novel on human nature â€Å"Gullivers Travels,† Jonathan Swift uses cacophony to  create a graphic mental image of the horrors of war. I could not forbear shaking my head, and smiling a little at his ignorance. And being no stranger to the art of war, I gave him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carbines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea fights, ships sunk with a thousand men†¦ In similar passages, combining sharp sounds of the explosive consonants C and K add a nature of ruggedness and violence to words like â€Å"cannons† and â€Å"muskets, while P and B add to the discomfort felt while reading words like â€Å"pistols† and â€Å"bombardments.† But Does Cacophony Always Work?   While it can clearly add color and tone to writing, cacophony can sometimes do more harm than good.   If used for no good reason or too often, it can distract and even aggravate readers, making it hard for them to follow the work’s main plot or to understand its intent. Indeed, many authors strive to avoid injecting â€Å"accidental cacophony† into their works. As the noted literary critic M. H. Abrams points out in his book, â€Å"A Glossary of Literary Terms,† a cacophony may be written, â€Å"inadvertent, through a lapse in the writers attention or skill.† However, he stresses, â€Å"cacophony may also be deliberate and functional: for humor, or else for other purposes.† Key Points A cacophony in literature is a combination of words or phrases that sound harsh, jarring, and generally unpleasant.The opposite of cacophony is â€Å"euphony,† a mixture of pleasant or melodious words.The repeated use of â€Å"explosive† or â€Å"stop† consonants like B, D, K, P, T, and G are often used to create a cacophony.Cacophony is used in both poetry and prose.Writers use cacophony to help readers picture and feel the situations or conditions they are describing. Sources â€Å"Euphony and Cacophony.†Encyclopedia Britannica. Online.Bureman, Liz. â€Å"Euphony and Cacophony: A Writer’s Guide.† The Write Practice. Online.Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). â€Å"The Sounds of the Worlds Languages.†Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.Abrams, M. H., â€Å"A Glossary of Literary Terms.†Wadsworth Publishing; 11 edition (January 1, 2014).   ISBN 978-1285465067

How Supply Chain Management Is Essential For Successful...

Real World Process Interview Supply Chain Management is essential to successful movement of goods through a supply network. Many supply chains involves multiple processes and service providers. Most businesses operate in a just-in-time environment, managers must develop efficient, and cost effective ways of moving goods through the process to prevent loss revenue. Maria Hannah, Owner of The Clean Dog Pet Grooming Company provides pet grooming servicing and manufacturing of pet garments. This paper will examine Ms. Hannah’s responses to the Supply Chain questions as it relates to the business. Interview Questions and Responses 1. is Supply Chain Management a strategic senior level position in your business or is it a part of an operations activity? Ms. Hannah (personal communication, 2016) explained that the owner is responsible for supply chain management. 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All We Need is Love Essay Example For Students

All We Need is Love Essay What is love? Is love the feeling of physical and emotional attraction? Or is it the outcome of appreciating others virtue? But can there be love without giving? Giving that requires indicating concern for others life and growth. Giving the idea of showing ones compassion of expressed and unexpressed feelings. The most important giving strategy is the ability to view a person as they are and being aware of their distinctive individuality. However, when a person keeps giving love to one another and does not seek love in his or her rightful place, they search for similar feelings somewhere else. Love is significance in humans life. Simple appreciation may ease the pain, but is it enough? When love is not enough it may cause severe damage to a person. It may lead to suicide, to depression, to family problems, and even to eating disorders. Every human being values love than any personal effect in their lives. Love is assisting one another in time of need. When an individual does not experience love he or she develop a mask to their personality. To their fears. To their past life. The masks that create difficulty to knowing someone. Many act in certain ways around certain people. However, when people go through denial of the physical existence just to protect their ego, we call them defense mechanism. Each and every one of us has a different strategy of coping to reality for it to be less stressful. Meaning, these masks protect us. They protect us from bad feelings. However, there is a specific amount of how much defense mechanism may isolate us from the real world. For example, denial. Denial is the most horrifying strategy that anyone may respond to in a situation; therefore, it may lead to completely refusing any horrible experience. People are eager to tell others about their lives but they fear rejection and rejection leads to conflicts within. Everyone fears that exposing themselves would make them seem weak to others. However, does it not sometimes surprise you how one day you think you know someone for such a long time and when a deeply most horrifying secret of the person is out, you feel like your mind betrayed you? You think you know every single detail when in fact you werent looking inside of them. Ill be telling you a story about a 20-year-old girl, Nicole. She lives in the Netherlands, originally from France. Nicole and I have been friends for a long time. We were Skyping, I telling her about my Voice of Youth research paper. I was explaining to Nicole how I couldnt find someone for the interview because of how hard it will be ask someone I personally know about conflicts in their life. As I said before, I knew Nicole for a long time, and in that moment, I discovered that she herself had a major conflict in her life. It does surprise you how long youve known someone, but then when they reveal something shocking about himself or herself, the perspective changes; not of the person, but of the fact that no one really gets to know someone with their problems. No one wants to feel responsible. Nicole.. My friend.. My sister had developed an eating disorder; thus, resulting to Bulimia and anorexia. Nicole and I decided to Skype so I could interview her with questions. I later realized that Im not only a student wanting to gather information for a research paper, but Im her friend; therefore, I decided to take a train to Utrecht. I had to listen carefully as she expresses her thoughts, opinion, and feelings to me. One of the things I Learned from my Guide to critical thinking was, in order for me to be fair; I must consider the feelings of my friend. As I sat down next to her, I heard her pour out her feelings. I could see the way she was acting. Nicole was extremely nervous. She carried a bottle in her hand, fidgeting with it the whole time. I looked at her, asked her one more time if she really wants to do this. Nicole glanced at me with an extremely red face, telling me that it was all right. Nicole began with.. I dont know where to start.. following apologizes of how much I might be disturbed. Nicole was constantly asking Are you sure you want to know this.. I can see shes worrying that I might see her differently. Evaluation of 12 Angry Men Using the Seven Step Me EssayI think its because I felt accepted from Victor. Nicole was able to find what she couldnt get from home. Nicole, how did it change you? â€Å"It made me realize how it is so weird that something is so powerful in your mind that makes you do things you dont want to do. As she was explaining her thoughts, I realized that the mind is strong; it is able to control what we want to know, and if it doesnt feel safe, it turns its back on everyone. Nicole then later on, confronted her parents on their parenting. She poured her heart out, telling them every single detail they did wrong. Leaving out the fact that she was Bulimic, Nicole had only told that to her father. I asked her why her mother doesnt know, she said: My mother could never handle this. Nicole later on then went to a psychological center for anorexic people to help out. It was then that she realized how thankful to god she is for helping her go through this. Nicole met girls that within a blink of an eye may die. She knew then that she should be grateful. The last question I asked my friend, Nicole, was How do you feel now that Im talking to you about this She answered with a smooth look, Its like a story. Nicoles father, Victor, and me were the only people who knew. That was it. I finished the interview. Got up and hugged my friend. As I sat listening to a person I knew, a person that I cared about, but I never considered their feelings as much. Everything made sense. I first asked myself, as I hear her tell her story, This doesnt make sense to me, its like I dont know this person. But then everything connected. I realized that Everyone has different reasons to why they endeavor to hide their emotional pain, that comes in the wake of negative beliefs about ourselves; evoked by a particular person or situation. In conclusion, we are just human. Humans fear the thought of others not responding with a caring or supportive way. People dread the thought of trusting themselves, to cope with others response of their fears. The most important strategy, opening yourself to others. Everyone comes from a completely different family, community, or school. Opening yourself to others gives you the option to be in someone elses world, giving you the choice to perceiving their goodness and kindness. I strongly believe that love comes from giving and knowledge. Many fear opening themselves up to others, afraid of what people may think, resulting to grasp no love from others. People are eager to tell others about their lives, but they fear rejection and rejection leads to conflicts within. Everyone fears that exposing themselves would make them seem weak to others; thus, giving the thought and feeling of no love or compassion from anyone. In conclusion, not all masks are evil. Its up to us how to identify the strategy to make the masks and the reason for each mask to motivate us to unconsciously choose which mask to wear. One must be true to themselves by altering the right mask. Love can be described in many ways. However, love is not only enough when said or told. I believe that if parents do not take care of their childs background, the child will eventually adapt within his or her own culture. Such events shape our lives. As you can see, every time Nicole fell down she got her self-right back up. A critical thinker must always seek better ways of doing things. Critical thinkers believe in the power of their minds.